• Assessment of Children’s Exposure Risk to Potentially Hazardous Elements in Playground Soil in South Korea

  • Lee Hyunkyung*, Kim Gyunhee, Kim Chanhyuk, Kim Jisoo, Jeong Yunha, and Lim Juhee

  • Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, Gyeonggi Province 16381, Korea

  • 어린이 놀이터 토양의 잠재적 유해요소에 대한 오염도 및 노출 위험 평가

  • 이현경*ㆍ김균희ㆍ김찬혁ㆍ김지수ㆍ정윤하ㆍ임주희

  • 경기도보건환경연구원

  • This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

References
  • 1. Badura, A., Luxner, J., Feierl, G., Reinthaler, F. F., Zarfel, G., Galler, H., Pregartner, G., Riedl, R., and Grisold, A. J. 2014, Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli from Austrian Sandpits, Environ. Pollut., 194, pp. 24-30.
  •  
  • 2. Carrizales, L., Razo, I., Téllez-Hernández, J. I., Torres-Nerio, R., Torres, A., Batres, L. E., Cubillas, A.-C., and Díaz-Barriga, F. 2006, Exposure to Arsenic and Lead of Children Living Near a Copper-Smelter in San Luis Potosi, Mexico: Importance of Soil Contamination for Exposure of Children, Environ. Res., 101(1), 1-10.
  •  
  • 3. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2013, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2012, Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), ECDC, Stockholm. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2900/93403.
  •  
  • 4. Hakanson, L., 1980, An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control: A Sedimentological Approach, Water Res., 14(8), 975-1001.
  •  
  • 5. Huang, J., Wu, Y., Sun, J., Li, X., Geng, X., Zhao, M., Sun, T., and Fan, Z., 2021, Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Park Soils of the Largest Megacity in China by Using Monte Carlo Simulation Coupled with Positive Matrix Factorization Model, J. Hazard. Mater., 415, 125629.
  •  
  • 6. Jang, J.-W., Kim, Y.-H., Lee, Y.-K., Cho, M.-C., Jeong, H.-Y., Cho, Y.-K., Kim, E.-S., and Kim, D.-J., 2017, Influence of Playground Facilities and Environmental Factors on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sand at Children¡¯s Playgrounds in Gwangju, J. Korea Soc. Waste Manag., 34(4), 369-377.
  •  
  • 7. Jang, J.-Y., Kim, S. -Y., Kim, S.-J., Lee, K. -E., Cheong, H.-K., Kim, E.-H., Choi, K. -H., and Kim, Y.-H., 2014, General Factors of the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook, J. Prev. Med. Public Health, 47(1), 7-17.
  •  
  • 8. Jin, Y., O¡¯Connor, D., Ok, Y. S., Tsang, D. C. W., Liu, A., and Hou, D., 2019, Assessment of Sources of Heavy Metals in Soil and Dust at Children¡¯s Playgrounds in Beijing Using GIS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Environ. Int., 124, 320-328.
  •  
  • 9. Kowalska, J. B., Mazurek, R., Gąsiorek, M., and Zaleski, T., 2018, Pollution Indices as Useful Tools for the Comprehensive Evaluation of the Degree of Soil Contamination - A Review, Environ. Geochem. Health, 40, 2395-2420.
  •  
  • 10. Lee, S.-J., Kim, J.-J., and Jung, S.-W., 2016, Study on Soil Organic Matter Content at Expanded Soil Monitoring Network Sites, J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng., 38(12), 641-646.
  •  
  • 11. Looney, W. J., Narita, M., and Mühlemann, K., 2009, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An Emerging Opportunist Human Pathogen, Lancet Infect. Dis., 9(5), 312-323.
  •  
  • 12. Ministry of Environment, 2021, Environmental Health Act.
  •  
  • 13. Ministry of the Interior and Safety, 2023, Children¡¯s Playground Safety Management System, Available at: https://www.cpf.go. kr/cpf/ (Accessed: 1 April 2023).
  •  
  • 14. Muller, G., 1969, Index of Geoaccumulation in Sediments of the Rhine River, J. Geol., 2, 108-118.
  •  
  • 15. National Institute of Environmental Research, 2007, Study on Exposure and Risk Assessment of Hazardous Substances in Children¡¯s Products.
  •  
  • 16. National Institute of Environmental Research, 2016, Korean Exposure Factors Handbook for Children.
  •  
  • 17. National Institute of Environmental Research, 2022a, Environmental Hazardous Substance Test Standards.
  •  
  • 18. National Institute of Environmental Research, 2022b, Soil Contamination Standard Test Method.
  •  
  • 19. National Institute of Environmental Research, 2022c, Water Pollution Standard Test Method.
  •  
  • 20. Oh, S.-E., Chung, J.-Y., Sim, K.-S., Kim, Y.-J., Lee, H.-I., Moon, H.-C., Choi, I.-W., and Oh, J.-G., 2022, Comparison of Qualitative Test Methods for Total Coliforms, Korean Soc. Toxicol. Health, Korean Toxicol. Soc. Symp. Sci. Present., 5, 271.
  •  
  • 21. Soil and Groundwater Information System, 2023, Available at: https://sgis.nier.go.kr/web (Accessed: 10 January 2023).
  •  
  • 22. Solt, M. J., Deocampo, D. M., and Norris, M., 2015, Spatial Distribution of Lead in Sacramento, California, USA, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12(3), 3174-3187.
  •  
  • 23. Statistics Korea, 2023, KOSIS Population Information, Available at: https://kosis.kr/index/index.do (Accessed: 1 April 2023).
  •  
  • 24. US Environmental Protection Agency, 2012a, Recommendations for Default Value for Relative Bioavailability of Arsenic in Soil, OSWER 9200.1-113.
  •  
  • 25. US Environmental Protection Agency, 2012b, Estimation of Lead Bioavailability in Soil and Dust: Evaluation of the Default Value for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in U.S. Children, OSWER 9200.1-113. Available at: https://www.epa.gov (Accessed: 14 February 2024).
  •  
  • 26. US Environmental Protection Agency, 2017, Method 1340 In Vitro Bioaccessibility Assay for Lead in Soil.
  •  
  • 27. van Elsas, J. D., Semenov, A. V., Costa, R., and Trevors, J. T., 2011, Survival of Escherichia coli in the Environment: Fundamental and Public Health Aspects, ISME J., 5(2), 173-183.
  •  
  • 28. Yoon, J., Kim, D., Kim, T., Park, J., Jung, I., Kim, J., and Kim, H., 2009, Evaluation of Natural Background Levels of Heavy Metals in Korean Soil, J. Soil Groundwater Environ., 14(3), 32-39.
  •  

This Article

  • 2025; 30(1): 37-48

    Published on Feb 28, 2025

  • 10.7857/JSGE.2025.30.1.037
  • Received on Jan 10, 2025
  • Revised on Feb 3, 2025
  • Accepted on Feb 26, 2025

Correspondence to

  • Lee Hyunkyung

  • Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, Gyeonggi Province 16381, Korea

  • E-mail: leeapple@gg.go.kr