• Foams for Aquifer Remediation: Two Flow Regimes and Its Implication to Diversion Process
  • Kam, Seung-Ihl;Jonggeun Choe;
  • Australian School of Petroleum, The University of Adelaide;Member Research Institute of Engineering Science, School of Civil, Urban and Geosystems Engineering, Seoul National University;
Abstract
Foam reduces the mobility of gas phase in porous media to overcome gravity override and to divert acid into desired layers in the petroleum industry and to enhance the efficiency of environmental remediation. Recent experimental studies on foam show that foam exhibits a remarkably different flow rheology depending on the flow regime. This study, for the first time, focuses on the issues of foam diversion process under the conditions relevant to groundwater remediation, combining results from laboratory linear-flow experiments and a simple numerical model with permeability contrasts. Linear flow tests performed at two different permeabilities (k = 9.1 and 30.4 darcy) confirmed that two flow regimes of steady-state strong foams were also observed within the permeability range of shallow geological formations. Foam exhibited a shear-thinning behavior in a low-quality regime and near Newtonian rheology in a high-quality regime. Data taken from linear flow tests were incorporated into a simple numerical model to evaluate the efficiency of foam diversion process in the presence of permeability contrasts. The simple model illustrated that foam in the high-quality regime exhibited a successful diversion but foam in the low-quality regime resulted in anti-diversion, implying that only foam in the high-quality regime would be applicable to the diversion process. Sensitivity study proved that the success of diversion process using foam in the high-quality regime was primarily controlled by the limiting capillary pressures (${P_c}{^*}$) of the two layers of interest. Limitations and implications are also discussed and included.

다공성 매질내의 거품(foam)은 가스상의 이동성을 감소시키는 특성을 가진다. 이러한 성질은 석유산업에서 중력으로 인한 유체유동을 방지하거나 산(acid)을 이용하여 유정(wellbore) 근처 유체투과율이 낮은 지층을 처리하는데도 사용될 뿐만 아니라, 지하 대수층의 오염물 회수율을 높이는 데도 사용된다. 최근의 연구결과를 통하여 다공성 매질 내 거품의 유동은 유동영역(flow regime)에 의하여 크게 영향을 받는다는 사실을 규명하였다. 이 논문은 실험자료와 수치해석기법을 이용하여, 지하 오염물질 정화를 위한 거품 유동분할 작업의 타당성에 관한 연구이다. 두 종류의 유체 투과율(k=9.1과 30.4 darcy)을 가지고 실험한 결과, 대수층 조건과 비슷한 실험환경에서도 정상상태의 거품은 유동영역에 따라 다른 성질을 보인다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 거품의 질이 낮은 영역(low-quality regime)에 있는 거품은 shear thinning 거동을 보이며 고질영역(high-quality regime)에 있는 거품은 Newtonian 거동과 유사하였다. 이상의 실험 결과를 유체투과율이 서로 다른 두 지층에 대하여 거품의 유동분할을 예측하기 위하여 간단한 수치해석 모델을 개발하였다. 수치해석의 결과로부터 고질영역에 있는 거품은 유동분할 양상을 보였지만 저질영역에 있는 거품은 그렇지 않았다. 민감도 분석의 결과 고질영역에서의 유동분할은 각 지층들의 한계 모세관압, 즉 거품이 생성되고 유지되기 위한 최소 모세관압에 의해 좌우된다는 사실을 확인하였다.

Keywords: foam;diversion;remediation;groundwater;aquifer;

Keywords: 거품;유동분할;오염토양정화;지하수;대수층;

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This Article

  • 2004; 9(1): 1-11

    Published on Mar 1, 2004